Antiquities

Rashidun army – China Fashion sandals – Sport shoes Manufacturer

Army

This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010)

Only Muslims were allowed to join the Rashidun army as a regular troops. During the Ridda wars in the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr, the army mainly consisted of the corps from Madinah, Mecca and Taif. Later on during the conquest of Iraq in 633 many bedouin corps were recruited in the forces as a regular troops. During the Islamic conquest of Sassanid Persia (633-656), some 12,000 elite Persian troops converted to Islam and served later on during the wholescale invasion of the empire. During the Muslim conquest of Roman Syria (633-638) some 4,000 Greek Byzantine soldiers under their commander Joachim (later Abdullah Joachim) converted to Islam and served as regular troops in the conquest of both Anatolia and Egypt. During the conquest of Egypt (641-644), Coptic converts to Islam were recruited and eased the conquest. During the conquest of North Africa, Berber converts to Islam were recruited as regular troops, who later made the bulk of the Rashidun army and later the Ummayad army in Africa.

Infantry

Rashidun army relied heavily on their infantry. Mubarizun, were the recognized part of the Muslim army, composed of the champions. Their role was to undermine the enemy morale by slaying their champions. Then infantry would make repeated charges and withdrawals known as karr wa farr, using spears and swords combined with arrow volleys to weaken the enemies and wear them out. However, the main energy had still to be conserved for a counter attack supported by cavalry that would charge that would make flanking or encircling movements. Defensively the Muslim spearman with their two and a half meter long spears would close ranks, forming a close formation (Tabi’a), a protective wall for archers to continue their fire. This close formation stood its ground remarkably in the first four days of defence in the Battle of Yarmouk.

Cavalry

The Rashidun cavalry was a one of the most successful light cavalry. It was armed with lances, up to five and a half meter long[citation needed], and swords. Both short Arabian swords and Sassanid long swords were used by the horsemen. Often they were armed with both of them at a time. The cavalry used to be a reserve, with the main role to attack the enemy once they were weakend by the repeated charges of the infantry. They would then make flanking or encircling movements against the enemy army, either from the flanks or straight from the center. The cavalry probably used to attack in a wedge-shaped formation. Some of the best examples of the use of the cavalry force were commanded by Khalid ibn Walid in the Battle of Walaja against the Sassanid Persians and in the Battle of Yarmouk against the Byzantines. In both cases the cavalry regimets were initially stationed behind the flanks and center.

Weaponry

Reconstructing the Military Equipment of early Muslim armies is problematic. Compared with Roman armiesr, indeed, later medieval Muslim armieshe range of visual representation is very small, often imprecise and difficult to date. Physically very little material evidence has survived and again, much of it is difficult to date. Most of the Pre-Islamic Arabian military equipments came from Syria, Iraq, Armenia and Yeman. A great deal more would then have been captured during the early conquest.

Helmets

The helmets included gilded helmets similar to that of silver helmets of the Sassanid Empire. Both pointed and rounded helmets were used. The later referred as aidah (egg) was of standard two-piece early Byzantine type and the former was of segmented central Asian type called arikah. Mail was commonly used to protect the face, neck and cheek either as an aventail from the helmet or as a mail coif like it was used in Romano-Byzantine armies since 5th century. The face was often used to be half covered with a tail of a turban, that also served as a protection against the strong desert winds.

Armor

Hardened leather scale or lamellar armour was locally being produced in Yeman, Iraq and along the Persian gulf coast. The mail armors was more preferable and became more common later during the conquest of neighbouring empires and were captured as a booty. It was known as Dir, and was opened part-way down the chest. To avoid rusting it was polished and stored in a mixture of dust, oil and camel dung. Infantry soldiers were more heavily armored then the horsemen. There are also references to the practice of wearing two coats of mail (diryn), the second being shorter or even made of fabric or leather.

Shields

Large wooden or wickerwork shields were in use, but most shields were of leather. For this purpose camel’s or cow’s hide was used and it would be anointed, a practice since ancient Hebrew times. During the invasion of Levant, Byzantine Elephant hide shields were also extensively used, and were probably captured in booty.

Spears

Long-shafted spears were locally made with the reeds of the Persian gulf coast. Infantry spears were two and a half meter long and that of cavalry were up to five and a half meters long[citation needed].

Sword

The sword was the most prestigious weapon of the Early Muslims. It was usually a short infantry weapon, similar to the gladius. High quality swords were being made in Yeman from Indian wootz steel. There are also sometimes references to Indian swords. Inferior swords were being made throughout Arabia. Both short Arab swords and Sassanid long swords were being used. Often horsemen and infantry soldiers are described to have two swords, both a Sassanid long sword and an Arabian short sword. All swords hanged in a baldric. Another personal weapon was the dagger in the a last line of defence.

Bows

Bows were locally made in various parts of Arabia, the most typical were the hijazi bows. It could be one piece of wood or two pieces joined together back to back. It used to be about two meter long when unbraced, similar to the English longbow. The maximum useful range of the traditional Arabian bow used to be about 150 meters. Early Muslim archers were infantry archers who proved to be very effective against the cavalry.

Siege weaponry

Catapults were used extensively in siege operations. Under Caliph Umar siege towers, called Dababah were also employed. These wooden towers moved on wheels and had several stories. They were driven up to the foot of the besieged fortification and then the walls were pierced with a battering ram. Archers guarded the ram and the soldiers who moved it.

A Muslim elite soldier equipted for infantry warfare. Wearing an Iron-bronze helmet, as armor he is wearing a chain mail hauberk, and leather armor. His sword is carried in a baldric.

Organization of army as a state department

Caliph Umar was the first Muslim ruler to organize the army as a state department. This reform was introduced in 637 A.D. A beginning was made with the Quraish and the Ansars and the system was gradually extended to the whole of Arabia and to Muslims of conquered lands. A register of all adults who could be called to war was prepared, and a scale of salaries was fixed. All men registered were liable to military service. They were divided into two categories, namely:

Those who formed the regular standing army; and

Those that lived in their homes, but were liable to be called to the colors whenever needed.

The pay was paid in the beginning of the month of Muharram. The allowances were paid during the harvesting season. The armies of the Caliphs were mostly paid in cash salaries. In contrast to many post-Roman polities in Europe, grants of land, or of rights to collect taxes directly from the payers, were of only minor importance. A major consequence of this was that the army directly depended on the state for its subsistence which, in turn, meant that the military had to control the state apparatus. Promotions in the army were made on the strength of the length of service or exceptional merit. Officership was an appointment and not a rank. Officers were appointed to command for the battle or the campaign; and once the operation was concluded, they could well find themselves in the ranks again.

Leave of absence was given to army men at regular intervals. The troops stationed at far off places were given leave after four months. Each army corps was accompanied by an officer of the treasury, an accountant, a qadi, and a number of interpreters besides a number of physicians and surgeons. Expeditions were undertaken according to seasons. Expeditions in cold countries were undertaken during the summer, and in hot countries in winter. In spring the troops were generally sent to lands which had a salubrious climate and a good pasturage. According to instructions every soldier was required to keep with him several things of personal need. These included among other things needles, cotton, twine, scissors, and a feeding-bag. Special instructions issued by caliph Umar laying stress on the teaching of three things to the soldiers, namely: horse riding; archery; and swimming.

Rashidun Caliphate Army Strength

Year

Strength

632

13,000

633

18,000

634

41,000

635

37,000

636

70,000

640

74,000

648

80,000

652

120,000

657

100,000

661

80,000

Movement

When the army was on the march, it always halted on Fridays. When on march, the day’s march was never allowed to be so long as to tire out the troops. The stages were selected with reference to the availability of water and other provisions. One remarkable feature of the movement of this army was that it was independent of lines of communication. Behind it stretched no line of supply, since it had no logistical base. This army could not be cut off from its supplies, for it had no supply depots, Under the Army Department, there was a separate Commissariat Department. All the food stores were collected at one place and trotted along with the army. It needed no roads for its movement, for it had no wagons and everything was carried on camels. Thus this army could go anywhere and traverse any terrain so long as there was a path over which men and animals could move. This ease of movement gave the Muslims a tremendous edge on the Romans and Persians in mobility and speed. When on march, this army moved like a caravan and gave the impression of an undrilled horde; from the point of view of military security it was virtually invulnerable. The advance was led by an advance guard consisting of a regiment or more. Then came the main body of the army, and this was followed by the women and children and the baggage loaded on camels. At the end of the column moved the rear guard. On long marches the horses were led; but if there was any danger of enemy interference on the march, the horses were mounted, and the cavalry thus formed would act either as the advance guard or the rearguard or move wide on a flank, depending on the direction from which the greatest danger threatened. In case of need, the entire army could vanish in an hour or so and be safe at a distance beyond terrain which no other large army could traverse.

When on march the army was divided into:

Muqaddimah () or The vanguard

Qalb () or The center

Al-khalf () or The rear

Al-mou’akhira () or The rearguard

During march most of the men mounted camels, the rest on horses, this made their movement fast as compared to their enemies the Persians and the Romans.

Divisions in battle

The army was organized on the decimal system.

On the battlefield the army was divided into sections. These sections were:

Qalb () or The center

Maimanah () or The right wing

Maisarah () or The left wing

Each section was under a command of a commander and was at a distance of about 150 meter from each other. Every tribal unit had its leader called Arifs. In such units There were commanders of 10, 100 and 1,000 men, the latter corresponding to regiments. The grouping of regiments to form larger forces was flexible, varying with the situation. Arifs were grouped and each group was under a Commander called Amir-ul-Ashar and Amir-ul-Ashars were under the command of a section commander, who were under the command of the commander in chief, Amir-ul-jaish.

Other components of the army were:

Rijal () or the Infantry

Forsan () or the cavalry

Ramat () or the Archers

Talaiah () or patrols to keep watch over the movements of the enemy

Rukban () or the Camel corps

Nahab al-Muon ( ) or Foraging parties

Intelligence and espionage

It was one of the most highly developed department of the army which proved helping in most of the campaigns. The espionage () and intelligence services were first organised by a brilliant Muslim general Khalid ibn Walid during his campaign to Iraq. Later when he was transferred to Syrian front he organized the espionage department there as well; later it became an essential part of the army and became a separate department. who procured intelligence about the movements and activities of the enemy, this unit comprises the local inhabitants of the conquered land, it was very well organized and liberal pays were given to the spies for their work. Reporters were attached to every unit, and they kept the caliph fully informed about everything pertaining to the army.

Jund

Military centers known as junds () were first established by Caliph Umar, For the purpose of army administration. These centers were set up at Madinah, Kufa, Basra, Mosul, Fustat, Damascus, Jordan and Palestine. At these centers barracks were built for the residence of troops. Big stables were constructed where four thousand horses fully equipped were kept ready for service at short notice at every Military Center. Reinforcements were sent to the troops from these junds. All records pertaining to the army were kept at military centers. Food stores of the commissariat were kept at these places and from there sent to other places. In addition to military centers, cantonments were established in big towns and places of strategic importance. Much thought was given to climate and sanitation in the lay out of cantonments and the construction of barracks. Special provisions were made for roads and streets in cantonments, and Caliph Umar issued instructions prescribing the width of roads and streets.

Strategy

Main article: Mobile guard

The basic strategy of early Muslim armies setting out to conquer foreign land was to exploit every possible drawback of the enemy army in order to achieve victory with minimum losses as the Rashidun army, quality-wise and strength-wise, was sub-standard the Sassanid Persian army and Byzantine army. Khalid ibn Walid, the first Muslim general of Rashidun Caliphate to make conquest in foreign land, during his campaign against the Sassanid Persian Empire (Iraq 633 – 634) and Byzantine Empire (Syria 634 – 638) developed brilliant tactics that he used effectively against both the Sassanid army and Byzantine army. The main drawback of the armies of Sassanid Persian Empire and Eastern Roman Empire was their lack of mobility. Khalid ibn Walid decided to use the mobility of his own army to exploit the lack thereof in the Sassanid army and Byzantine army. Later the same strategy was adopted by all other Muslim generals throughout the period of military expansion. Though only part of Rashidun army was actual cavalry, the entire army was camel mounted for movement. Khalid ibn Walid and then later Muslim generals were also able to make use of the fine fighting quality of the Muslim soldiers, a bulk of whom were bedouin and excellent in swordsmanship.

The Muslims’ light cavalry during the later years of Islamic conquest of Levant became the most powerful section of army. The best use of this lightly armed fast moving cavalry was revealed at the Battle of Yarmouk (636 A.D) in which Khalid ibn Walid, knowing the importance and ability of his cavalry, used them to turn the tables at every critical instance of the battle with their ability to engage and disengage and turn back and attack again from the flank or rear. A strong cavalry regiment was formed by Khalid ibn Walid which included the veterans of the campaign of Iraq and Syria. Early Muslim historians have given it the name mutaharrik tulaiha( ), or the mobile guard. This was used as an advance guard and a strong striking force to route the opposing armies with its greater mobility that gave it an upper hand when maneuvering against any Byzantine army. With this mobile striking force, the conquest of Syria was made easy.

Another remarkable strategy developed by Khalid and later followed by others generals, was not moving far from the desert so long as there were opposing forces within striking distance of its rear. The idea was to fight the battles close to the desert, with safe escape routes open in case of defeat. The desert was not only a heaven of security into which the Sassanid army and Byzantine army would not venture, but also a region of free, fast movement in which their camel mounted troops could move easily and rapidly to any objective that they chose. Following this same strategy during the conquest of Iraq and Syria, Khalid ibn Walid did not engage his army deep into Iraq and Syria until the opposing army had lost its ability to threaten his routes to the desert. Another possible advantage of always keeping a desert at the rear, was easy communication and reenforcement.

Once the Byzantines were weakened and the Sassanids effectively destroyed, the later Rashidun generals were free to use any strategy and tactics to overpower the opposing forces but they mainly stuck to the using the mobility of their troops to prevent the concentration of enemy troops in large numbers.

The caliph Abu Bakr would give his generals their mission, the geographical area in which that mission would be carried out, and the resources that could be made available for that purpose. He would then leave it to his generals to accomplish their mission in whatever manner they chose. caliph Umar however in later part of his caliphate used to direct his generals as to where they would stay and when to move to the next target and who would command the left and right wing of the army in the particular battle. This made conquest comparatively slower but provided for well organized campaigns. Caliph Uthman used the same method as of Abu Bakr. He would give missions to his generals and then leave it to them on how they would accomplish it. Caliph Ali also followed the same method.

Conduct and ethics

Main article: Islamic military jurisprudence

The basic principle in the Qur’an for fighting is that other communities should be treated as one’s own. Fighting is justified for legitimate self-defense, to aid other Muslims and after a violation in the terms of a treaty, but should be stopped if these circumstances cease to exist. During his life, Muhammad gave various injunctions to his forces and adopted practices toward the conduct of war. The most important of these were summarized by Muhammad’s companion, Abu Bakr, in the form of ten rules for the Rashidun army:

Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not mutilate dead bodies. Neither kill a child, nor a woman, nor an aged man. Bring no harm to the trees, nor burn them with fire, especially those which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy’s flock, save for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone.

These injunctions were honored by the second caliph, Umar, during whose reign (634644) important Muslim conquests took place. In addition, during the Battle of Siffin, the caliph Ali stated that Islam does not permit Muslims to stop the supply of water to their enemy. In addition to the Rashidun Caliphs, hadiths attributed to Muhammad himself suggest that he stated the following regarding the Muslim conquest of Egypt:

“You are going to enter Egypt a land where qirat (a money unit) is used. Be extremely good to them as they have with us close ties and marriage relationships.”

“When you enter Egypt after my death, recruit many soldiers from among the Egyptians because they are the best soldiers on earth, as they and their wives are permanently on duty until the Day of Resurrection.”

“Be good to the Copts of Egypt; you shall take them over, but they shall be your instrument and help.”

“Be Righteous to Allah about the Copts.”

Generals of Rashidun Caliphate

Khalid ibn Walid

Amr ibn al-Aas

Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah

Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas

Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan

Shurhabil ibn Hasana

Qa’qa ibn Amr

Zirrar ibn Azwar

Asim ibn Amr

Abdullah ibn Aamir

See also

Mobile guard

Rashidun caliphs

Rashidun Caliphate

Muslim conquests

Fall of Sassanids

Byzantine-Arab Wars

Muslim conquest of Syria

Muslim conquest of Egypt

Islamic conquest of Persia

Islamic conquest of Afghanistan

Arab conquest of Armenia

Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent

References

^ Military History Online

^ The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Contributors: Hugh Kennedy – author. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number:168

^ Yarmouk 636, Conquest of Syria by David Nicolle

^ title

^ Augus Mcbride

^ title

^ The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. Contributors: Hugh Kennedy – author. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number:59

^ Tabari: Vol. 3, p. 8

^ Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah, Dar Abi Hayyan, Cairo, 1st ed. 1416/1996, Vol. 6 P. 425.

^ al-Waqdi Fatuh-al-sham page 61

^ A. I. Akram (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. National Publishing House, Rawalpindi. ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.

^ Annals of the Early Caliphate By William Muir

^ Tabari: Vol: 2, page no: 560.

^ A. I. Akram (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. National Publishing House, Rawalpindi. ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.

^ Patricia Crone, Encyclopedia of the Qur’an, War article, p.456. Brill Publishers

^ Micheline R. Ishay, The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era, University of California Press, p.45

^ Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives, Princeton University Press, p.197

^ Douglas M. Johnston, Faith-Based Diplomacy: Trumping Realpolitik, Oxford University Press, p.48

^ Aboul-Enein and Zuhur, p. 22

^ Nadvi(2000), pg. 519

^ Encyclopaedia of Islam (2005), p.204

^ El Daly, Okasha (2004), Egyptology: The Missing Millennium : Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings, Routledge, p. 18, ISBN 1844720632 

Categories: Rashidun Caliphate | Medieval armies | Military units and formations of the Medieval eraHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2010 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009

About the Author

I am an expert from casualshoesboots.com, while we provides the quality product, such as China Fashion sandals , Sport shoes Manufacturer, Kvoll shoes,and more.

Bronze Sculpture, ART , molding, by CHADY

Byzantine $14.21 Byzantine

Sebastiano Nine-Light Byzantine Bronze Lantern Pendant $817 Sebastiano Nine-Light Byzantine Bronze Lantern Pendant

Sebastiano Six-Light Byzantine Bronze Lantern Pendant $560 Sebastiano Six-Light Byzantine Bronze Lantern Pendant

Arianne One-Light Byzantine Bronze Sconce $340 Arianne One-Light Byzantine Bronze Sconce

Arianne Nine-Light Byzantine Bronze Chandelier $1978 Arianne Nine-Light Byzantine Bronze Chandelier

Byzantine Christianity $21.6 Byzantine Christianity

Byzantine Istanbul $31.16 Byzantine Istanbul

Byzantine Empresses $41.66 Byzantine Empresses

Byzantine Art $20.96 Byzantine Art

Byzantine Prophesy $24.2 Byzantine Prophesy

The Byzantine Empire $14.35 The Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Achievement $10.8 The Byzantine Achievement

Byzantine Fragments $99 Byzantine Fragments

The Byzantine Economy $27 A concise survey of the economy of the Byzantine Empire.

Sebastiano Three-Light Byzantine Bronze Pendant $497 -Amber Indian Scavo Glass

Sebastiano Three-Light Byzantine Bronze Lantern Pendant $419 -Amber Indian Scavo Glass

Arianne Four-Light Byzantine Bronze Island Pendant $1215 -Amber Scavo Glass

Sebastiano Two-Light Byzantine Bronze Convertible Pendant $326 -Amber Indian Scavo Glass

Sebastiano One-Light Byzantine Bronze Pendant $125 -Amber Indian Scavo Flare Glass

Sebastiano Two-Light Byzantine Bronze Sconce $172 -Cream Flare Textured Fabric

Sebastiano Three-Light Byzantine Bronze Chandelier $394 -Amber Indian Scavo Flare Glass

Sebastiano Five-Light Byzantine Bronze Chandelier $607 -Amber Indian Scavo Glass

Arianne Four-Light Byzantine Bronze Chandelier $862 -Amber Scavo Glass

Arianne Five-Light Byzantine Bronze Pendant $1589 -Glass

Arianne Four-Light Byzantine Bronze Pendant $1323 -Glass

Arianne Two-Light Byzantine Bronze Convertible Pendant $490 -Amber Scavo Glass

Arianne One-Light Byzantine Bronze Pendant $389 -Glass

Arianne Eight-Light Byzantine Bronze Chandelier $1730 -Amber Scavo Glass

Arianne Six-Light Byzantine Bronze Chandelier $1309 -Glass

Arianne Three-Light Byzantine Bronze Island Pendant $852 -Amber Scavo Glass

History of the Byzantine State $34.87 History of the Byzantine State

Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453 $23.23 Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453

HALARIS,CHRISTODOULOS: BYZANTINE MAISTOR $34.71 HALARIS,CHRISTODOULOS: BYZANTINE MAISTOR

A Prosopography of Byzantine Aphrodito $82.44 A Prosopography of Byzantine Aphrodito

Global Treasures: Byzantine Moldavia $12.85 Global Treasures: Byzantine Moldavia

Mysteries of Byzantine Chant $15.37 Mysteries of Byzantine Chant

A Treatise on Byzantine Music $22.26 A Treatise on Byzantine Music

Fourteen Byzantine Rulers $15.3 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers

Byzantine Mosaic Kit $9.71 Byzantine Mosaic Kit

Byzantine Crucifix Cedar Relief Panel $173 The mission of NOVICA, in association with National Geographic, is to give artists and artisans around the world a global platform to express their true artistic talents, to spur their creativity and to be paid a fair wage for their craft. A bio of the artist(s) will arrive with each piece helping you feel the attachment to the product and to the hands that created it. You will enjoy the one-of-a-kind craftsmanship. Due to the handcrafted nature of each piece, colors, motifs, sizes, shapes and designs may vary slightly from the images shown or dimensions provided. -Cedar wood and bronze leaf -Signed by the artist -Picture of artist is included in additional images if available. -Artist: Javier Ramirez -County of Origin: Peru

Byzantine Empire $32.44 Presents the history, politics, religion, culture, and reasons for the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

Byzantine Infantryman $17.05 The Byzantine Army was the closest the Middle Ages came to producing a military superpower. Having been trained to operate in small, highly mobile eight-man units adept at living off the land whilst on campaign, the Byzantine infantryman was a formidable

Byzantine: Salvation $9.48 The underground {\thrash metal} band {#Byzantine} headlines the performance film {#Byzantine: Salvation}. The release includes extensive footage of the group in concert, in addition to: one-on-one interviews with band members; behind-the-scenes footage; b

Chaucer Twelve-Light Byzantine Chandelier $1683 Chaucer Twelve-Light Byzantine Chandelier

BYZANTINE MUSIC OF THE GREEK ORTHODOX CH $20.23 BYZANTINE MUSIC OF THE GREEK ORTHODOX CH

BRUGH,DANIEL: SAILING BACK TO BYZANTINE $14.49 BRUGH,DANIEL: SAILING BACK TO BYZANTINE

Byzantine Holy Images – Transcendence and Immanence $105.73 Byzantine Holy Images – Transcendence and Immanence

BYZANTINE-SALVATION $10.17 The underground thrash metal band Byzantine headlines the performance film Byzantine: Salvation. The release includes extensive footage of the group in concert, in addition to: one-on-one interviews with band members; behind-the-scenes footage; bootleg concert clips; and guitar and bass tutorials. It also features the music video for Jeremiad. ~ Nathan Southern, Rovi

Byzantine Jewry in the Mediterranean Economy $79 Covers the middle Byzantine period, describing the day-to-day workings of the Byzantine-Jewish economy via primary sources.

The Byzantine World $140 The Byzantine World presents the latest insights of the leading scholars in the fields of Byzantine studies, history, art and architectural history, literature, and theology. Those who know little of Byzantine history, culture and civilization between AD 700 and 1453 will find overviews and distillations, while those who know much already will be afforded countless new vistas.

Byzantine authors $130 In honouring the memory of Nicolas Oikonomides, the contributors to this work offer a group of Greek texts and translations which reflect the wide interests of Byzantine authors and the varied genres to which they devoted their talents. It includes the military speeches of Constantine VII.

Byzantine Monkey $13.61 After many years apprenticing as a progressive jazz sideman, bassist John Hebert arrives as a leader with Byzantine Monkey, a title inspired by his wife, and the peculiar dualities of his Louisiana heritage merged with a contemporary living situation in N

Early Christian and Byzantine Art $22.36 Explains how and why Early Christian and Byzantine art was made and used

History of the Byzantine State and Society $42.63 This is the first comprehensive and up-to-date history of Byzantium to appear in almost sixty years, and the first ever to cover both the Byzantine state and Byzantine society. It begins in a.d. 285, when the emperor Diocletian separated what became Byzan

Byzantine Armies Ad 1118-1461 $16.15 The Byzantine Empire’s disastrous defeat by the Seljuk Turks at Manzikert in 1071 effectively marked the end of what is often described as the ‘middle’ period of Byzantine history. Thereafter, surrounded on all sides by younger, more vigorous nations, the

Studies in Byzantine Sigillography 10 $155 For several years now, sigillography as an independent subarea in the field of Byzantine studies has received increasing attention from both Byzantine studies and related disciplines, because it is the only area still able to provide academia with large amounts of material not previously analysed. The articles of Studies in Byzantine Sigillography deal with all aspects of Byzantine sigillography: presentation of new finds, discussion of new methods, questions of the political and ecclesiastical administration of Byzantinum, prosopography, historical geography, and art historical and iconographical problems.In addition, the volumes contain a loosely arranged list of Byzantine seals, which have been published in essays and auction catalogues, thus enabling those from more obscure publications to be located and identified.

Colibri Byzantine Stainless Steel Bracelet LBR109200 $55 Colibri Byzantine Stainless Steel Bracelet LBR109200

Chaucer Four-Light Byzantine Convertible Pendant $717 Chaucer Four-Light Byzantine Convertible Pendant

Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565-1204 $40.69 Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565-1204

Byzantine,julian: Guitar Music From Arge $15.99 Byzantine,julian: Guitar Music From Arge

SAINT-EPHRAIM MALE CHOIR: BYZANTINE SPIR $36.85 SAINT-EPHRAIM MALE CHOIR: BYZANTINE SPIR

BYZANTINE CHOIR OF ST GEORGE ORTHODOX CA $16.21 BYZANTINE CHOIR OF ST GEORGE ORTHODOX CA

BYZANTINE CHORAL: TREASURES OF BYZANTINE $24.78 Description not provided.

History of the Byzantine Empire $19.96 “This is the revised English translation from the original work in Russian of the history of the Great Byzantine Empire.  It is the most complete and thorough work on this subject.  From it we get a wonderful panorama of the events and dev

Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History $28.13 This unique and complete mapping of the history of the Byzantine Empire, featuring over 100 specially designed maps, charts the history and key aspects of the political, social and economic history of a medieval empire which bridged the Christian and

Warfare, State And Society In The Byzantine World 560-1204 $24.99 This work examines the nature of Byzantine warfare and its relationship with society at large.

Byzantine Cavalryman c.900-1204 $11.99 Regarded as the elite arm of the military during the Middle Byzantine period, the cavalry executed high speed reconnaissance, agile arrow barrages and crippling blows to enemy formations. Its ranks were filled primarily through direct recruitment or hereditary service by holders of military lands, but in times of crisis irregulars would be temporarily enlisted. Few books provide any accessible study of the medieval Romaic soldier's life, and this colourful addition to the Warrior series seeks to redress this imbalance. Offering a thorough and detailed examination of their training, weaponry, dress and daily life, this book re-affirms the importance of cavalry troops in military victories of the period. Making use of original Greek source material, and featuring unpublished manuscript images, this follow-on volume to "Warrior 118 Byzantine Infantryman c.900-1204" brings the world of the Byzantine cavalryman vividly to life.

Byzantine Cavalryman C.900-1204 $17.05 Regarded as the elite arm of the military during the Middle Byzantine period, the cavalry executed high speed reconnaissance, agile arrow barrages and crippling blows to enemy formations. Its ranks were filled primarily through direct recruitment or hered

Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire $26.25 In this book, the distinguished writer Edward Luttwak presents the grand strategy of the eastern Roman empire we know as Byzantine, which lasted more than twice as long as the more familiar western Roman empire, eight hundred years by the shortest definit

The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire $26.98 In this book, the distinguished writer Edward Luttwak presents the grand strategy of the eastern Roman empire we know as Byzantine, which lasted more than twice as long as the more familiar western Roman empire, eight hundred years by the shortest definition. This extraordinary endurance is all the more remarkable because the Byzantine empire was favored neither by geography nor by military preponderance. Yet it was the western empire that dissolved during the fifth century. The Byzantine empire so greatly outlasted its western counterpart because its rulers were able to adapt strategically to diminished circumstances, by devising new ways of coping with successive enemies. It relied less on military strength and more on persuasion–to recruit allies, dissuade threatening neighbors, and manipulate potential enemies into attacking one another instead. Even when the Byzantines fought–which they often did with great skill–they were less inclined to destroy their enemies than to contain them, for they were aware that today’s enemies could be tomorrow’s allies. Born in the fifth century when the formidable threat of Attila’s Huns were deflected with a minimum of force, Byzantine strategy continued to be refined over the centuries, incidentally leaving for us several fascinating guidebooks to statecraft and war. "The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire" is a broad, interpretive account of Byzantine strategy, intelligence, and diplomacy over the course of eight centuries that will appeal to scholars, classicists, military history buffs, and professional soldiers.

The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition $79.95 “This text-critical edition of the Gospel of John illustrates the breadth of the Byzantine textual tradition. A specific Byzantine manuscript (miniscule 35) was used as the base text. The apparatus indicates the differences within the most important Byzantine manuscripts of John. In addition differences compared to the Nestle-Aland edition are listed. Hendrickson is a proud distributor of titles from the German Bible Society.”

Byzantine Ring $115 Gorgeous silver and gold ring with beautiful detailing Ring is made of sterling silver and gold plated Features cubic zirconia gems Ring is 1" tall Final sale only Handcrafted in NYC

Being Byzantine $88 New interpretation of the medieval history of Greece over the period 1200-1420, focusing on the ethnic identity of the Greeks.

LORUS: BYZANTINE $12.78 Description not provided.

A Byzantine Encyclopaedia of Horse Medicine $99 The veterinary compilation known as the Hippiatrica is a rich and little-known source of information about the care and medical treatment of horses, donkeys, and mules in late antiquity and the Byzantine period. This book provides a guide both to its intriguing contents, and to its complex textual history. – ;How were Greek texts on the care and medical treatment of the horse transmitted from antiquity to the present day? Using the evidence of Byzantine manuscripts of the veterinary compilation known as the Hippiatrica, Anne McCabe traces the journey of the texts from the stables to the medieval scriptorium and ultimately to the printed edition. Surviving manuscripts include both magnificent presentation copies and plain ones intended for use in the field. The. Hippiatrica is a rich and little-known source of information about horses, medicine, and magic. This book provides a guide to its complex history as well as a host of fascinating details, and includes colour illustrations of a number of manuscript pages. – ;A Byzantine Encyclopaedia of Horse Medicine establishes a new standard work that will be consulted by those interested in the Hippiatric corpus as well as those undertaking broader research in the communication of scientific knowledge and its transmission through the centuries. – Michael Decker, Bryn Mawr Classical Review;…most welcome and carefully written… – John Scarborough, TLS

The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society $70 The existence of eunuchs was one of the defining features of the Byzantine Empire. Covering the whole span of the history of the empire, from the fourth to the fifteenth centuries AD, Shaun Tougher presents a comprehensive survey of the history and roles of eunuchs, making use of extensive comparative material, such as from China, Persia and the Ottoman Empire, as well as about castrato singers of the eighteenth century of Enlightenment Europe, and self-castrating religious devotees such as the Galli of ancient Rome, early Christians, the Skoptsy of Russia and the Hijras of India. The various roles played by eunuchs are examined. They are not just found as servile attendants; some were powerful political players – such as Chrysaphius who plotted to assassinate Attila the Hun – and others were prominent figures in Orthodoxy as bishops and monks. Furthermore, there is offered an analysis of how society thought about eunuchs, especially their gender identity – were they perceived as men, women, or a third sex?. The broad survey of the political and social position of eunuchs in the Byzantine Empire is placed in the context of the history of the eunuch in general. An appendix listing key eunuchs of the Byzantine Empire describing their careers is included, and the text is fully illustrated.

Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries $34 Histories of Byzantine literature tend to focus on the history of genres. The essays in this book challenge the traditional view.

3.8mm 14K Gold Byzantine Chain $2799.95 3.8mm Byzantine Chain. This intricate chain design is thousands of years old; the Byzantine style has long been a powerful statement of boldness. Interlocking rope-like lustrous gold is sure to make a statement and is designed to last. Order this today or browse our incredible selection of fine gold jewelry. Chain Information 14K Yellow Gold 60.50-72.60 grams 3.8mm (1/8 inch) 20-24 Inches available Lobster clasp 14K Chain Weight (Approx.) 20 Inches – 60.50g 22 Inches – 66.55g 24 Inches – 72.60g

The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History $16.99 The dominant Mediterranean power in the fifth and sixth centuries, by the time of its demise at the hands of the Ottomans in 1453 the Byzantine empire was a shadow of its former self restricted essentially to the city of Constantinople, modern Istanbul. Surrounded by foes who posed a constant threat to its very existence, it survived because of its administration, army and the strength of its culture, of which Orthodox Christianity was a key element. This historical atlas charts key aspects of the political, social and economic history of a medieval empire which bridged the Christian and Islamic worlds from the late Roman period into the late Middle Ages.

Early Christian & Byzantine Art: A&i $27.95 “John Lowden provides an authoritative account of early Christian and Byzantine art from the third century AD to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. From the grandest public buildings to the smallest personal items, it was and is an art of extraordinary directness, but also of mystery and transcendence. John Lowden explains how and why early Christian and Byzantine art was made and used and situates it within the controversies of its time.”

Florence Byzantine Silver Leaf One-Light Wall Sconce $617 Florence Byzantine Silver Leaf One-Light Wall Sconce

The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire $65 This book describes the role of the medieval Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (c.600-c.1453). As an integral part of its policy it was (as in western Christianity) closely linked with many aspects of everyday life both official and otherwise. It was a formative period for Orthodoxy. It had to face doctrinal problems and heresies; at the same time it experienced the continuity and deepening of its liturgical life. While holding fast to the traditions ofthe fathers and the councils, it saw certain developments in doctrine and liturgy as also in administration. Part I discusses the landmarks in ecclesiastical affairs within the Empire as well as the creative influence exercised on the Slavs and the increasing contacts with westerners particularly after 1204. Part II gives a brief account of the structure of the medieval Orthodox Church, its officials and organization, and the spirituality of laity, monks, and clergy.

The Bronze $10.03 The Bronze

ANTIQUE SILVER BYZANTINE CROSS CHARM $1.82 Our Byzantine cross charm in lead-free TierraCast antique silver finish is a perfect addition to your charm bracelet or as a pendant with your favorite Artbeads chain or silk ribbon. This pewter cross charm would also make a great embellishment on a christening or baptism invitation!

4.5mm 14K Gold Byzantine Chain $3549.95 4.5mm Byzantine Chain. Our lushly woven Byzantine necklace of 14K yellow gold. Brilliantly crafted in an ancient pattern that recalls the rich intricate jewelry of past eras this necklace is fit with a heavy-duty clasp to ensure your satisfaction for many years to come. Order this today or browse our incredible selection of fine gold jewelry. Chain Information 14K Yellow Gold 76.82-83.80 grams 4.5mm (3/16 inch) 22-24 Inches available Lobster clasp 14K Chain Weight (Approx.) 22 Inches – 76.82g 24 Inches – 83.80g

Acropolis Museum $78.16 New – The Acropolis Museum is an archaeological museum focused on the findings of the archaeological site of the Acropolis of Athens. The museum was built to house every artifact found on the rock and on its feet, from the Greek Bronze Age to Roman and Byzantine Greece. It also lies on the archaeological site of Makrygianni and the ruins of a part of Roman and early Byzantine Athens. The museum was founded in 2003 while the Organisation of the Museum was established in 2008. It opened to the pub

Acropolis Museum $78.16 Used – The Acropolis Museum is an archaeological museum focused on the findings of the archaeological site of the Acropolis of Athens. The museum was built to house every artifact found on the rock and on its feet, from the Greek Bronze Age to Roman and Byzantine Greece. It also lies on the archaeological site of Makrygianni and the ruins of a part of Roman and early Byzantine Athens. The museum was founded in 2003 while the Organisation of the Museum was established in 2008. It opened to the pu

Civilizing Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East $21.2 Used – Description is based upon research evidence from the Near East and elsewhere, of changes in climate and how that affected social and political developments. This work uses 3 major case studies of the Neolithic, Early Bronze, and Roman/Byzantine periods.

Civilizing Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East $36.33 New – Description, based upon research evidence from the Near East and elsewhere, of changes in climate and how that affected social and political developments. Uses 3 major case studies of the Neolithic, Early Bronze, and Roman/Byzantine periods.

Civilizing Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East $76.96 Used – Description, based upon research evidence from the Near East and elsewhere, of changes in climate and how that affected social and political developments. Uses 3 major case studies of the Neolithic, Early Bronze, and Roman/Byzantine periods.

Civilizing Climate: Social Responses to Climate Change in the Ancient Near East $80 New – Description, based upon research evidence from the Near East and elsewhere, of changes in climate and how that affected social and political developments. Uses 3 major case studies of the Neolithic, Early Bronze, and Roman/Byzantine periods.

Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994-98 $145.18 New – These two volumes report on five season’s excavation and four millennia of occupation at Kilise Tepe, from the Early Bronze Age through the rise and fall of the Hittite Empire and into the Byzantine era when the mound was crowned by a substantial church. The site takes its importance from its position guarding the Gksu Valley, one of the two main routes from the interior of Anatolia to the Mediterranean opposite Cyprus, so that it gives a record of relations between the interior and the se

Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994-98 $145.18 Used – These two volumes report on five season’s excavation and four millennia of occupation at Kilise Tepe, from the Early Bronze Age through the rise and fall of the Hittite Empire and into the Byzantine era when the mound was crowned by a substantial church. The site takes its importance from its position guarding the Gksu Valley, one of the two main routes from the interior of Anatolia to the Mediterranean opposite Cyprus, so that it gives a record of relations between the interior and the s

Les Lampes En Bronze A L’Epoque Paleochretienne $122.4 New – English summary: This volume contains the first typological study of metallic lamps and light fixtures of Late Antiquity, shedding new light on their origin, date, and the exchanges and relations of which they bear witness. It is based on the exhaustive, first-hand scrutiny of objects housed in Greek, French, and English museums, a profound knowledge of the bronze alloys and techniques used in their manufacture, and a detailed study of classical and Byzantine sources dealing with the subje

Les Lampes En Bronze A L’Epoque Paleochretienne $122.4 New – English summary: This volume contains the first typological study of metallic lamps and light fixtures of Late Antiquity, shedding new light on their origin, date, and the exchanges and relations of which they bear witness. It is based on the exhaustive, first-hand scrutiny of objects housed in Greek, French, and English museums, a profound knowledge of the bronze alloys and techniques used in their manufacture, and a detailed study of classical and Byzantine sources dealing with the subje

Les Lampes En Bronze A L’Epoque Paleochretienne $122.4 Used – English summary: This volume contains the first typological study of metallic lamps and light fixtures of Late Antiquity, shedding new light on their origin, date, and the exchanges and relations of which they bear witness. It is based on the exhaustive, first-hand scrutiny of objects housed in Greek, French, and English museums, a profound knowledge of the bronze alloys and techniques used in their manufacture, and a detailed study of classical and Byzantine sources dealing with the subj

Malcove Collection $4.63 New – The Magnificent Art Collection of Dr Lillian Malcove Consists of 513 pieces: paintings, drawings, furniture, icons, manuscripts, and textiles, as well as works in terracotta, glass, bronze, stone, enamel, ivory, silver, and gold. They represent a vast range of art history, from prehistory to the twentieth century, including Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and western medieval works, and even a few pieces from the Far East. Dr Malcove, a psychoanalyst in New York, bequeathed the collection to the

Monuments of Syria $277.24 New – Syria is home to some of the world’s richest historical and archaeological remains–dating from the Bronze Age through Byzantine times to the Ottoman Period. Until now, however, they have been little known and rarely visited. Only a handful of sites are familiar from travel literature: the Roman desert city of Palmyra, the Crusader castle of Krak des Chevaliers, and the great Ummayad Mosque of Damascus. This is the definitive historical guide to Syria.

Monuments of Syria $14 Used – Syria is home to some of the world’s richest historical and archaeological remains–dating from the Bronze Age through Byzantine times to the Ottoman Period. Until now, however, they have been little known and rarely visited. Only a handful of sites are familiar from travel literature: the Roman desert city of Palmyra, the Crusader castle of Krak des Chevaliers, and the great Ummayad Mosque of Damascus. This is the definitive historical guide to Syria.

Monuments of Syria: An Historical Guide $28.96 Used – Syria is home to some of the world’s richest historical and archaeological remains – stretching from the Bronze Age through Byzantine times to the Ottoman period. However, until now they have been little known and rarely visited, even in an age of mass tourism. Only a handful of sites are familiar from travel literature: the Roman desert caravan city of Palmyra, the mighty Crusader castle of Krak des Chevaliers and the great Ummayad Mosque of Damascus. However, with Syria now more accessi

Pilgrim Treasures from the Hermitage: Byzantium – Jerusalem $30.71 Used – Pilgrim Treasures from the Hermitage: Byzantium-Jerusalem presents the highlights from the splendid collection of pilgrims’ souvenirs in the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg: oil lamps and bronze crosses from the Early Byzantine period (4th to 7th centuries), icons and reliquaries from the 10th to the 13th centuries, and pilgrims’ souvenirs in mother-of-pearl and fish-bone icons from the 18th and 19th centuries.

Pilgrim Treasures from the Hermitage: Byzantium – Jerusalem $30.71 New – Pilgrim Treasures from the Hermitage: Byzantium-Jerusalem presents the highlights from the splendid collection of pilgrims’ souvenirs in the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg: oil lamps and bronze crosses from the Early Byzantine period (4th to 7th centuries), icons and reliquaries from the 10th to the 13th centuries, and pilgrims’ souvenirs in mother-of-pearl and fish-bone icons from the 18th and 19th centuries.

Ras Ibn Hani $49.34 New – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Ras Ibn Hani is a small cape located 8 kilometers (5 mi) north of Latakia, Syria on the Mediterranean Sea. It is an important archaeological site as it was occupied almost continuously from the late Bronze Age until Byzantine times. The site now is in a major resort area called the Cote d’Azur of Syria. This coastal site lies only a two hour’s walk from the site o

Ras Ibn Hani $49.34 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Ras Ibn Hani is a small cape located 8 kilometers (5 mi) north of Latakia, Syria on the Mediterranean Sea. It is an important archaeological site as it was occupied almost continuously from the late Bronze Age until Byzantine times. The site now is in a major resort area called the Cote d’Azur of Syria. This coastal site lies only a two hour’s walk from the site

Representations of Early Byzantine Empresses: Image and Empire $125.27 Used – This book reconsiders a wide array of images of Byzantine empresses on media as diverse as bronze coins and gold mosaic from the fifth through seventh centuries A.D. The representations have often been viewed in terms of individual personas, but strong typological currents frame their medieval context. Empress Theodora, the target of political pornography, has consumed the bulk of past interest, but even her representations fit these patterns. Methodological tools from fields as disparate

Scholars, Travels, Archives: Greek History and Culture Through the British School at Athens $119.1 Used – The British School at Athens is renowned for its discoveries in Bronze Age and Classical archaeology. This book reveals for the first time that in parallel with this story of archaeology and the classics, another theme runs persistently through the history of the School from its foundation in 1886. This is the contribution of British scholars to the study of Byzantine and modern Greek culture, art and architecture, anthropology, geography, folklore, history and language. Richly illustrate

Scholars, Travels, Archives: Greek History and Culture Through the British School at Athens $119.1 New – The British School at Athens is renowned for its discoveries in Bronze Age and Classical archaeology. This book reveals for the first time that in parallel with this story of archaeology and the classics, another theme runs persistently through the history of the School from its foundation in 1886. This is the contribution of British scholars to the study of Byzantine and modern Greek culture, art and architecture, anthropology, geography, folklore, history and language. Richly illustrated

The Monuments of Syria: A Guide $20.35 Used – This is a guidebook to Syria’s historical and archeological treasures. It is a new, revised and expanded edition in a travel-friendly format. Syria is home to some of the world’s richest historical and archaeological remains dating from the Bronze Age through biblical and Byzantine times to the early Islamic and Ottoman periods. Yet even in an age of mass tourism these magnificent monuments are little known and rarely visited – in other words, ripe for discovery by independent-minded and

The Monuments of Syria: A Guide $20.35 New – This is a guidebook to Syria’s historical and archeological treasures. It is a new, revised and expanded edition in a travel-friendly format. Syria is home to some of the world’s richest historical and archaeological remains dating from the Bronze Age through biblical and Byzantine times to the early Islamic and Ottoman periods. Yet even in an age of mass tourism these magnificent monuments are little known and rarely visited – in other words, ripe for discovery by independent-minded and a

Troia: Archologie Eines Siedlungshgels Und Seiner Landschaft $74.73 New – The settlement mound of Hisarlik (Troy) is located on the western coast of Turkey at the entrance to the Dardanelles Strait which connects the Mediterranean with the Black Sea. Settled continuously for over 3000 years, the mound shows a cultural sequence from the Early Bronze Age through the Byzantine period. This volume gives an overview of the changeful history of the site through the millennia. German text.